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Textbook Chronicling Four Decades Of Alzheimer's Research
Two of the world"s leading Alzheimer"s researchers have co-edited a book critically synthesizing the major new developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer"s disease. Building upon a 2007 Alzheimer"s disease conference held in Chile, George Perry, dean of the College of Sciences at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) and Ricardo B. Maccioni, neurology professor at The University of Chile Medical School have edited "Current Hypotheses and Research Milestones in Alzheimer"s Disease," a 254-page text written by academics and medical doctors. The book focuses on the most promising hypotheses that illuminate the path to more effective treatment.
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Daily Trust/allAfrica.com, GlobalPost Examine Agricultural Production, Food Insecurity In Nigeria, Iraq
The Daily Trust/allAfrica.com examines food security in Nigeria. Despite its agricultural potential, the "food crisis" in Nigeria "poses a big question as to what is responsible for the insecurity in food production, preservation and storage," according to the newspaper. A government committee recently toured the country in an effort to address some of the problems involved with agricultural production and food insecurity.
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American Woman Becomes First Person With Diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis To Reach The Top Of MT Everest
American climber Lori Schneider of the US State of Wisconsin has become what is believed to be the first person with diagnosed multiple sclerosis to get to the top of Mt Everest. Lori Schneider, aged 52, reached the top of the world in the early hours of Saturday morning London time, carrying with her a banner celebrating the upcoming World MS (Multiple Sclerosis) Day on Wednesday 27 May (http://www.worldmsday.org). The banner reads: "Join the Global Movement. End MS!" (Note to picture editors: photo will be available as soon as Lori Schneider descends).
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News From The American Journal Of Pathology, June 2009

Stromal Caveolin-1 Predicts Breast Cancer Prognosis Two articles in the June 2009 issue of the American Journal of Pathology demonstrate the role of stromal caveolin-1 expression as a prognostic marker for breast cancer progression. These articles are highlighted by an accompanying Commentary. Caveolin-1, a protein that functions in endocytosis and signal transduction, plays a major role in breast cancer tumorigenesis. However, although calveolin-1 expression has been extensively studied in epithelial cells in breast cancer patients, the value of epithelial caveolin-1 as a prognostic marker has been limited. Witkiewicz et al and Sloan et al therefore examined caveolin-1 expression in the stromal microenvironment of human breast cancer. Stromal expression of caveolin-1 correlated with reduced levels of metastasis, and caveolin-1 was not expressed in stroma of patients with poor clinical outcome. In addition, tumor onset in mice was accelerated in the absence of stromal caveolin-1. Caveolin-1 may therefore function as a tumor suppressor in the stromal microenvironment and serve as a new prognostic marker for breast cancer progression. Dr. Mina Bissell, who is not associated with these studies, suggests that "for now, the two studies presented in this issue of the AJP provide additional validation that the microenvironment is an important and potentially powerful of clinical information to predict patient outcome, and demonstrate specifically that stromal Cav-1 may be a valuable clinical marker. Determining whether stromal Cav-1 functions to directly suppress tumor growth, and uncovering the factors which regulate its expression, may also reveal novel therapeutic avenues." Witkiewicz AK, Dasgupta A, Sotgia F, Mercier I, Pestell RG, Sabel M, Kleer CG, Brody JR, Lisanti MP: An Absence of Stromal Caveolin-1 Expression Predicts Early Tumor Recurrence and Poor Clinical Outcome in Human Breast Cancers. American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 2023-2034 Sloan EK, Ciocca DR, Pouliot N, Natoli A, Restall C, Henderson MA, Fanelli MA, Cuello-Carrio÷“n FD, Gago FE, Anderson RL: Stromal Cell Expression of Caveolin-1 Predicts Outcome in Breast Cancer. American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 2035-2043 Ghajar CM, Meier R, Bissell MJ: Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodies: Who Watches the Watchmen? American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 1996-1999 Novel Markers for Kidney Disease Progression A group led by Drs. Erwin P. Bē¶ttinger of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Matthias Kretzler at the University of Michigan have established novel markers of kidney disease progression. Their report can be found in the June 2009 issue of the American Journal of Pathology. Chronic kidney disease may affect up to 16.8% of the US population. Only a minority of patients with chronic kidney disease progress to end-stage renal disease. However, current clinical markers are not sufficient to reliably predict chronic kidney disease progression, which would allow for targeted treatment of high-risk patients. To identify markers of chronic kidney disease progression, Ju et al screened a mouse model of progressive renal disease to identify genes whose expression correlated with renal disease severity. They then examined human versions of these genes, and found that a subset of these candidates were associated with disease progression and glomerular filtration rate in human patients. The biomarkers identified by Dr. Bē¶ttinger, Dr. Kretzler, and colleagues "predict progressive renal fibrosis in mice and may [therefore] be useful molecular predictors of [chronic kidney disease] progression in humans." Ju W, Eichinger F, Bitzer M, Oh J, McWeeney S, Berthier CC, Shedden K, Cohen CD, Henger A, Krick S, Kopp JB, Stoeckert Jr. CJ, Dikman S, Schrē¶ppel B, Thomas DB, Schlondorff D, Kretzler M, Bē¶ttinger EP: Renal Gene and Protein Expression Signatures for Prediction of Kidney Disease Progression. American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 2073-2085 Treatment for Oxygen Toxicity Dr. Marieke van Zoelen and colleagues at The University of Amsterdam have identified a therapeutic target for preventing oxygen toxicity. They present these findings in the June 2009 issue of the American Journal of Pathology. Breathing molecular oxygen at high pressures may cause oxygen toxicity, which is characterized by cell death in the central nervous system, lung, and eye. Patients on high concentrations of supplemental oxygen due to respiratory failure or premature birth, people undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapies, scuba divers, and astronauts are all at risk for oxygen toxicity. Van Zoelen et al hypothesized that uPAR, which attracts immune cells, plays a role in oxygen toxicity in the lungs. They found that mice treated with high levels of oxygen had an increased number of uPAR-expressing immune cells in their lungs and that mice that lacked uPAR expression had less lung injury. This work suggests that "inhibition of uPAR may be a novel strategy to reduce the lung injury that accompanies oxygen therapy." van Zoelen MAD, Florquin S, de Beer R, Pater JM, Verstege MI, Meijers JCM, van der Poll T: Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-deficient mice demonstrate reduced hyperoxia-induced lung injury. American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 2182-2189 AM80 Blocks Early Multiple Sclerosis Researchers led by Drs. Takahashi Yamamura and Shinji Oki at the National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan have found that the synthetic retinoid AM80 is effective in treating early symptoms in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). They report their data in the June 2009 issue of the American Journal of Pathology. MS is a disease where the immune system attacks the central nervous system, preventing communication between nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. A certain type of immune cell, Th17 T cells, plays a pathogenic role in MS and other autoimmune diseases. Using a mouse model of MS, Klenmann et al found that AM80, a synthetic molecule related to vitamin A, inhibited Th17 T cell function without generating general immunosuppression. AM80 treatment was effective in inhibiting early symptoms in the MS mouse model, even if administered after disease initiation, but it did not prevent chronic symptoms. Drs. Yamamura, Oki, and colleagues "conclude that treatment with the synthetic retinoid AM80 is a considerable intervention strategy for the acute phase of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases such as MS." Klemann C, Raveney BJE, Klemann AK, Ozawa T, von Hē¶rsten S, Shudo K, Oki S, Yamamura T: Synthetic retinoid AM80 inhibits Th17 cells and ameliorates EAE. American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 2234-2245 Repair After Eye Injury Drs. Sandrine Joly, Charlotte Remē©, and colleagues have discovered that both resident and circulating cells remove damaged cells after eye injury. These results are presented in the June 2009 issue of the American Journal of Pathology. The eyes, like the brain, are an immune-privileged site; the so called blood-retinal barrier limits access of immune cells to the eyes. After eye damage, however, immune cells remove damaged cells. To locate the of the immune cells that respond to retinal injury, Joly et al used a mouse model of light-induced photodamage. They found that both resident and circulating (from the bone marrow) immune cells were involved in removal of dead retinal cells. The circulating cells entered the eye without damaging the blood-retinal barrier, and both circulating and resident immune cells entered the blood stream after removing the dead cells. Joly et al suggest that this process may "enable an immunization against retinal proteins. Specific retinal proteins have long been used to induce ocular autoimmune inflammation. Future studies need to elucidate ׀¦ the potential for autoimmune reactions after injury leading to or enhancing retinal degenerations." Joly S, Francke M, Ulbricht E, Beck S, Seeliger M, Hirrlinger P, Hirrlinger J, Lang K, Zinkernagel M, Odermatt B, Samardzija M, Reichenbach A, Grimm C, Remē© C: Cooperative phagocytes: resident microglia and bone marrow immigrants remove dead photoreceptors in retinal lesions. American Journal of Pathology 2009, 174: 2310-2323 Angela Colmone American Journal of Pathology


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